Facts, Fiction and Dissertations Writing

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Geographic and Environmental Factors - 1517 Words

Themes in U.S. World History; Geographic and Environmental Factors An example of physical geographic factors that contributed to the development and expansion of the United States are the Appalachian Mountains and the discovery of the Cumberland Gap. The second geographical factor that significantly contributed to the development and expansion of the United States is the major rivers of the Midwest regions such as, â€Å"The Mississippi, Ohio, Missouri, Illinois, and other rivers knit together the American nation over the course of a century† (River Towns, River Networks, 2012). The early colonists had trouble passing over the Appalachian Mountains due to the extremely difficult environmental conditions that these mountains posed. The†¦show more content†¦In fact, the Mesopotamian civilization is responsible for establishing, developing, and implementing such things as higher social thinking, original agricultural technological methods, and development. This society is responsible and known as the birthplace of civilization; the original place for such things as religion, art, literature, science judicial order, agriculture and so much more. The most significant environmental and physical geographic factors that contributed to the development of the civilization of Mesopotamia were the Tigris–Euphrates river system. Because of its proximity and placement near these rivers, the society developed and grew primarily into a thriving agricultural society. As the muddy Tigris–Euphrates river system flooded and receded, their silt built a plain with rich soil, ideal for agriculture in which this society of Mesopotamia flourished and capitalized on. â€Å"Agriculture, thanks to the construction of irrigation ditches, became the primary method of subsistence (for Mesopotamia). Farming was further simplified by the introduction of the plow† (Kreis, 2006). Because the rivers provided the environment ideal for agriculture, the Mesopotamia society developed into a rich, prosperous, and influential civilization that passed these developments on to other society’s and groups ofShow MoreRelatedMaking Better Decisions on Environmental Issues997 Words   |  4 Pages Intro to GIS and environmental management GIS (Geographic Information System) is a new geographical research technology since the 1960s, which is a powerful software that allows a virtually unlimited amount of information to be linked to a geographic location. The more and more extensive environmental causes, abundant data resources from scientific researches, as well as the continuous improvement of the computer and GIS technology, all call for wider and deeper application of GIS in the environmentRead MoreNature Vs. 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In this work, I will be explaining how environmental factors, such as climate change, causes individual species to experience these three factors and eventually result in evolution and the development of traits that will help them adapt to their habitat. Zhenhua Lou, Mian Zhao, and several other anthropologists conducted a study of the effectsRead MoreGuns, Germs, And Steel, Diamond Chronicles History1728 Words   |  7 Pagesbiogeographical lens and proposes that environmental and biological factors are the main influences on the development of human societies. Diamond’s ideas, however, do not go unchallenged as McNeill presents in his article â€Å"History Upside Down†, that anthropological factors pertaining to human cognition are also crucial in explaining how human societies have developed. 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A Modern Interpretation of Everyman the expert Essay Example For Students

A Modern Interpretation of Everyman the expert Essay Here beginneth a treatise about how God sent the IRS to summon a common taxpayer to come and list everything that the taxpayer may count as tax deductible. This basically sums up any good deeds the taxpayer as a whole everyone has committed, such as charity- RewriteSports Commentator. Hello out there from TV land, Im here to give you a clue. By means of this exciting account, I promise youll enjoy it, too. Basically its a story, or a forecast or presentation, but anyway, it depicts the state, of our great conglomeration. Of humans, and human affairs, and things we do every day. And the reigning state of human affairs, and how quickly they do decay. For the people have forgotten, their Christian and goodly ways. And instead sit at home and ponder, how exactly to spend their days. Their days of sin and gluttony, of indulgence and of cuckoldry. The days which will fade away, and leave the signs of sin and of adultery. At any rate I promise the show will be a thing to remember and a good thing to retain, for it fortells of how God will judge us and our deeds, and the anguish and the pain. Of those who would not change their ways, to do well and to be kind. So once the show is over it would do you good to keep these events in mind_Sports Commentator. LETS GET READY TO RUMBLE!!! HERE COMES GOD WITH SOME ACTION-PACKED HIGHLIGHTS!!! EVERYBODY, COME ON AND RAISE THE ROOF FOR GOD!!! God. What in the Hell was that? God. Ya know, I see here,in all my splendor, how the people do not remember. The ways and methods of olden days, when they didnt have so much personal grandeur. Theyve forgotten me, oh yes they have, and I dont appreciate it one bit. Especially since I was the one, who created and maintain every bit of it. I showed them my will when they crucified me, and I healed them even after. And now they dont bother to recognize me, but instead mock me with their laughter. Which springs from their enjoyment, of all their earthly goods. Of their endorsement of the 7 worst sins, and their forever gluttonous moods. And even worse, if they are left to their sinful ways, the wars and hate that will follow will shorten the whole races days. I wanted to be the model, for every mans life. But I see now that I am as common as any mans first wife. Sooooo, now I must make an example, to every man whom doesnt care. Ill threaten them with something that will give them all a scare. Death, no, they would merely laugh, but something even worse. A force which controls them, and would relieve them of their fat, overgrown purse. Oh yes, Ill show them something, just as sure as death, an agency of mine AND the devil that will audit them TO their very last breath. Where are you, oh IRS agent? IRS agent. Oh merciful God, I am here before you. How may I serve you, please tell me, I implore you. God. Go, audit Al L. People, and show him, in my name, the task he will have to take, from which he may not possibly escape. And make sure he brings his balance books, and a list of ALL his charities. I doubt that it will take him long, since has not made many of these. IRS agent. Oh yes God, I will go, and search the world all over, for this Mr. People cant be far, and when I find Ill arrest him, and take away his car. And his house and boat any property, for which he has forsaken you. .ub01243a8f454e0c55aa45c9a1e7f87ef , .ub01243a8f454e0c55aa45c9a1e7f87ef .postImageUrl , .ub01243a8f454e0c55aa45c9a1e7f87ef .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .ub01243a8f454e0c55aa45c9a1e7f87ef , .ub01243a8f454e0c55aa45c9a1e7f87ef:hover , .ub01243a8f454e0c55aa45c9a1e7f87ef:visited , .ub01243a8f454e0c55aa45c9a1e7f87ef:active { border:0!important; } .ub01243a8f454e0c55aa45c9a1e7f87ef .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .ub01243a8f454e0c55aa45c9a1e7f87ef { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .ub01243a8f454e0c55aa45c9a1e7f87ef:active , .ub01243a8f454e0c55aa45c9a1e7f87ef:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .ub01243a8f454e0c55aa45c9a1e7f87ef .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .ub01243a8f454e0c55aa45c9a1e7f87ef .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .ub01243a8f454e0c55aa45c9a1e7f87ef .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .ub01243a8f454e0c55aa45c9a1e7f87ef .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .ub01243a8f454e0c55aa45c9a1e7f87ef:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .ub01243a8f454e0c55aa45c9a1e7f87ef .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .ub01243a8f454e0c55aa45c9a1e7f87ef .ub01243a8f454e0c55aa45c9a1e7f87ef-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .ub01243a8f454e0c55aa45c9a1e7f87ef:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: Philosophy Of Mind EssayAny man who lives pompously I will audit till he rues, the day he forgot your grace and stopped living by your law, and gave up being merciful and kindly, and ignored any of those in need whom he saw. Hey there he is, I bet he isnt expecting, my approach or my audit, which soon Ill be projectingHes thinkin about personal gain and how to advance himself, and how to expand his capital and double all of his wealth. Man, its gonna suck for that guy. Here goes_ EXCUSE ME, MR. PEOPLE! I hate to interrupt, but I couldnt help but notice that your soul, er your estate, is so monstrously corrupt. Al L. People What did you say? Whats the matter? Who are you? Ill have you know that Im very busy, and not to bothered by some pencil-pushing geek, especially not one like you. IRS agent. Why doesnt anyone like me? Why am I so rejected? Maybe I really am a geek, or maybe Im infected_ Im sorry sir, but its my duty to inform you of your condition. You see, Im with God, oh yes, the Big Guy, and I am on a mission. Al L. People. Sure pal, youre obviously insane. Here take a dollar, no, take five, and leave me alone again. IRS agent. Keep you money or burn it, for soon it will not matter. I am with the IRS and as an agent, cannot be flattered. Im here to examine your estate, your property and taxes. And audit whatever I deem necessary let me first put on my glasses. Al L. People. Man_ This dork really is with God. And my life has not been spotless, and my good deeds_well, they are basically very few. What exactly is it that I need to send with you? IRS Agent. Ohhhh no you dont, youre coming with me too. God would like to be there when I smack your credit askew. And bring your list of good deeds, and hope that it is curious. Cause if it isnt buddy, well_ just hope that God isnt too furious hes already pretty pissed. Al L. People. Is there any chance of a longer wait? Maybe ten or fifteen years? Give just a bit more time, to stand out among my peers. IRS Agent. Not a second more youll get, not a minute to atone. Your deeds are recorded, good and bad, your actions set in stone. Now lets go, before the Big Man gets tired of sitting alone. Al L. People. Wait, thats not fai r, I have to face God with no company by my side? Please let me gather my friends and family, so that I wont feel so terrified. IRS Agent. What the hell. If anyone you know would be so bold, as to face God by your side, then they may go with you at their own risk, as if they had themselves died. What, did you think your life was bought and paid for? Yeah right, Mr. People, I think not, verily not, what do you think you were made for. Anything else but to follow Gods image, would be an outright lie. And liars burn in fire hehe. Al L. People. Ok, ok, I see your point, youve made your message clear. Please, give me till tomorrow, and I swear to meet you here. IRS Agent. Nope, I cant allow it. Go now, or just forget it. Al L. People. Ok, ok, Im gone. Later. IRS Agent. Hurry, buddy, or your lily-white butt is MINE. Man, I love this IRS business. The absolute power is just, tremendous. Al goes and tries to gather Fraternity, Family, Kin, and Earthly Possessions. They all refuse to go, and politely excuse themselves. Al next appeals his Good Deeds non- deductible and deductible, Intelligence and Common Sense, who leads him to Confession, then departs. Confession comforts him for a while. Afterward, Al is met by Good Deeds, Intelligence, Loveliness, Might, Sensory, and Political Correctness. .uff433575e3be6e62197d5d43fa53f231 , .uff433575e3be6e62197d5d43fa53f231 .postImageUrl , .uff433575e3be6e62197d5d43fa53f231 .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .uff433575e3be6e62197d5d43fa53f231 , .uff433575e3be6e62197d5d43fa53f231:hover , .uff433575e3be6e62197d5d43fa53f231:visited , .uff433575e3be6e62197d5d43fa53f231:active { border:0!important; } .uff433575e3be6e62197d5d43fa53f231 .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .uff433575e3be6e62197d5d43fa53f231 { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .uff433575e3be6e62197d5d43fa53f231:active , .uff433575e3be6e62197d5d43fa53f231:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .uff433575e3be6e62197d5d43fa53f231 .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .uff433575e3be6e62197d5d43fa53f231 .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .uff433575e3be6e62197d5d43fa53f231 .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .uff433575e3be6e62197d5d43fa53f231 .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .uff433575e3be6e62197d5d43fa53f231:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .uff433575e3be6e62197d5d43fa53f231 .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .uff433575e3be6e62197d5d43fa53f231 .uff433575e3be6e62197d5d43fa53f231-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .uff433575e3be6e62197d5d43fa53f231:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: Heart Of Darkness (1372 words) EssayEach one leaves him, except Good Deeds and Intelligence, as he readies himself to die. Al L. People. Jesus, help me, everythings left me? Everyones gone, forgot me bereft me! Good Deeds. Not quite, Mr. People, not everyones gone. Your Good Deeds and Knowledge have yet stayed on. Well, Good Deeds at least, for Knowledge wont stay long. Al L. People. What? No! Knowledge is leaving? Not quite yet Knowledge, give me help when I try deceiving Death. Knowledge. Deceive Death? What? Have I already left? What a stupid thought! Especially considering the damage youve wrought! No, I wont stay, for when Death arrives, my aid will not work, your mind will be fried. God is lookin for truth, not deception buddy. You better hurry up, too. Al L People. Man, this sucks. Alright Good Deeds, my very last friend. Let us descend to that slow, bitter end. God have mercy, and sweet Mary too, alas, I wish, Id of changed to be Jew. Good Deeds. Ok, People, lets make this hasty. By the way, youll turn pale, and your skin will feel pasty. Al L People. That sounds pretty nasty, thanks. Ok_ Into your hands Lord, my soul I commend: Receive it Lord, that it not be lost. As you Redeemed, so me Defend, and save me from the fiends boast, That I may appear with that blessed host, that shall be saved on the Day of Judgement. Knowledge. Now, whats happened to Al will happen to all. Good Deeds will aid Al in front of St. Peter. I think I know with whom Al will fall, Ah, yes, he did well on the Morality-Meter à ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¾Ã‚ ¢. Richard Nixon Come on you good voter, welcome to the Holy Blue. By the way, were you living in 72? Did I mention, Im thinking of trying a Coup? A friend of mine tried it a while ago, but, where he lives now, I do not know. Whats your name again, son? Well, there ya have it folks, just a brief suggestion, to those of you out there whose Morals are in question. Just remember, when you die, only one thing is actual, and thats how you lived the Lord knows what is factual. And keep in mind that once dead, you cant help, the way you treated others and how you managed yourself. And he that hath his account whole and sound, High in heaven he shall be crowned 148. Now were gonna go to our man in the field, Emerson Bigguns, for some post-game highlights. Emerson. Definitely a lot of action today in the world. We had Al People, a normal, CONFRONTED out of NOWHERE by a powerful double-team, which was the IRS and GOD. Al really had some self-doubt harming him for a while, but once he confessed, he got his team together. Unfortunately for, ALL WAS NOT WHAT IT SEEMED. All of his players LEFT HIM, because, to God, earthly things dont matter! What a surprising God. In the end, though, Al pulled through Death and made a touchdown with some great passing action from his Good Deeds, another last-minute trade. An there ya have it, folks.

Contract law on either the promise principle or on the principle of economic efficiency Essay Example

Contract law on either the promise principle or on the principle of economic efficiency Paper In this essay, these two distinct theories will be examined respectively and illustration will be appearing in cases. Frieds explanation of contract law centers on the promise principle, which he sees as the moral basis of contract law. He suggests that all contracts are promises, which are morally enforceable according to the moral conception a promise must be kept. Therefore it is appropriate for the law to enforce them. Fried argues that by promising we transform a choice that was morally neutral into one that is morally compelled. 1 It is quite obvious that promises, from Frieds point of view, largely rest upon morality as its fundamental ground, which binds the promisor to his individual obligation of keeping his promise. This is a cultural based assumption that risks the danger of generalizing moralities. As the perception of standard of values varies through time beings and societies, it is almost impossible to generate an conception that will be well maintained and equally appreciated by all cultural and religions, especially those distinct from Western cultural basis. We will write a custom essay sample on Contract law on either the promise principle or on the principle of economic efficiency specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on Contract law on either the promise principle or on the principle of economic efficiency specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on Contract law on either the promise principle or on the principle of economic efficiency specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer After all, cultural is biased, and it should not be understood as a stable or steady ground to bring up enforceability on individuals as to fulfilling certain obligations. Frieds view also presupposes an intention to be bound on the part of the promisor, an individual is morally bound to keep his promises because he has intentionally invoked a convention whose function it is to give grounds-moral grounds-for another to expect the promised performance. He advocates the conception proposed by the will theory, which sees the contractual obligation as essentially self-imposed. It is suggested that this conception carry out an implication of liberal individualism, as individuals are at free choices when facing whether to bring up such obligation at the moment of promising. Notwithstanding the fact that promise principle was embraced as an expression of the principle of liberty,4 Frieds theory gives the implication that a moral obligation attaching to a promise becomes incurred rather than accepted by the promisor. 5 Hence the mere fact of giving a promise is to create a moral obligation to perform it, which is contradictory because now the individual liberty is somehow limited by choices. He also argues that a promise puts the moral charge on a potential act. A promise is a future action or performance invested in present tense. A promise binds into the future, well past the moment when the promise is made. 6 The moral obligation to keep the promise is a mean allowing persons to take responsibility for the good they choose, which demands high attention and respect. Furthermore, the freedom to bind oneself contractually to a future disposition is an important example of this freedom on disposition because in a promise one is taking responsibility not only for ones present self but for ones future self. Putting Frieds theory on testing. In Clifton v Palumbo 7, according to Frieds idea of contract, the court decision would have favored the defendant as the plaintiff had written in his very first note offering the defendant to sell his estate. His first note of writing promised the defendant this offer and so his promise should be kept, regardless of changing his mind later, as he may free to do so, but not free to break his promise8. Nevertheless, the court has hold for the plaintiff because his first note containing phrases and expressions of doubtful significance. Therefore, it did not constitute a contract in first place. In fact, the result of this case shows that Frieds definition is too wide since not all promises are contracts. 9 Frieds thesis is based on the value of individual liberty and responsibility. In contrast, Collins principle of economic efficiency puts emphasis on the balance between the respect for individual liberty and commmunitarian values on the law. Collins defines the purpose of the law of contract as chandelling and regulation of market transactions according to ideal of social justice. 0 He outlines the significant changes in modern law contract from the classical law of contract, which focuses on liberty, equality and reciprocity as ideals of the justice of exchange that make up the conception of the market order. Collins suggests these changes in modern law of contract concerns the legitimacy of the market order. Whereas the ideal of the justice of exchange perceived the virtue of the market order in its respect for the values of liberty, equality, and reciprocity. 11 Collins sees all exchange activities are market transactions, which may involve two or multiple parties. In order to assure that these transactions are operating under a fair sphere, market order should be carefully preserved so that individual liberty will not be interfered. Therefore, he points out the importance of communitarian values on the law. In his view, the states role is to maintain the prescription of fair market. 12 Two criticisms that are brought up to against the assumption of freedom of contract as suggested in classical contract law reinforce the impact of communitarian values on law. Firstly, the freedom of contract facilitates a subtle form of domination, no less effective for being the product of an agreement than if it were imposed directly by the state. 13 Large corporations are at advantage as they may routinely dominate their suppliers through contractual arrangement. Secondly, the fairness of distributive consequence in wealth is yet another result under the influences of freedom of contract because the state ignores the equivalence in value as to both parties. In order to serve in a place of a broad discretion to make enforceable contracts of ones choice, the modern law directly imposes patterns of responsibility and closely regulates the fairness of the distributive consequences of the operation of the market. 14 Collins concludes, modern law insists that the market order can be legitimate only when it achievers a proper balance between, on the one had, a respect for individual dignity and quality and, on the other, a fair distribution of wealth, the avoidance of unjustifiable domination, and a duty to respect the interests of others. 5 In addition, Collins agrees on that court often exercising a certain degree of discretion as case to case. Its the policy considerations that largely influence judges decisions, not the general rules. Furthermore, the policy factors that are taken into account in cases, often clearly signal the presence of the balancing process between respect for private autonomy and the communitarian value of concern for the interests of another runs through the modern law of contractual responsibility. In Holwell Securities Ltd v Hughes 16, the court favors Collins idea as they took relevant policy consideration into account. The plaintiff had posted a letter to excise his option to purchase. However the letter never reached the defendant, an acceptance was not communicated to the offeror. 17 In conclusion, both Fried and Collins theories have contributed greatly to the knowledge of contract law. The promise principle examines the contract through a moral perspective, whereas the principle of economic efficiency explains the law of contract in a social context.

Water Polution essays

Water Polution essays How to Protect and Keep Our Water Supply Lake Catoma is the only water source for Cullman County and some portions of Morgan and Winston County. We only have the same amount of water today that we did when the Earth was formed so we need to use it sparingly. Less than one percent of the Earths water is available to use for drinking water. Water quality samples are taken regularly to insure the safety of our drinking water, but there are also things we have to do to keep it safe for ourselves. We can not rely on the professionals to do all the work and keep our water clean. Here are some ways you can help protect our drinking water supply: Take used motor oil to an authorized recycling station. Never pour oil or other hazardous waste down your drain, on the ground or in storm sewers! Recycle all household and automotive batteries. Use lawn and garden fertilizers and pesticides sparingly. Here are some tips on conserving water in the bathroom: Check all faucets, pipes Take shorter showers instead of tub baths. Check for toilet leaks (90% of water leaks in the home are in the toilet system). Turn off the water while shaving, brushing teeth, etc. Place a bucket in the shower to catch excess water and use this to water plants. Here are some general water saving tips: Check all household and business plumbing fixtures for leaks and fix them. Thousands of gallons of water are wasted annually through leaky plumbing. Be aware of and follow all water conservation and water shortage rules in effect in your community. Conserve water because it is the right thing to do. Don't waste water just because someone else is footing the bill, such as when you are staying at a hotel. Try to do one thing each day that will result in saving water. Every drop counts and...

Understanding and Identifying Douglas Firs

Understanding and Identifying Douglas Firs Douglas fir  (or Doug fir) is the English name applied in common to most evergreen coniferous trees of the genus Pseudotsuga  which is in the family Pinaceae. There are five species, two in western North America, one in Mexico, and two in eastern Asia. Douglas Fir Is Confusing to Taxonomists The firs most common name honors a Scottish botanist by the name of David Douglas, a collector of botanical specimens who first reported the extraordinary nature and potential of the species. On his second expedition to North Americas Pacific Northwest in 1824, he discovered what was to eventually be scientifically named Pseudotsuga menziesii. Because of its distinctive cones, Douglas firs were finally placed in the new genus Pseudotsuga (meaning false Tsuga) by the French botanist Carrià ¨re in 1867. Doug firs gave 19th-century botanists problems due to their similarity to various other conifers better known at the time; they have at times been classified as Pinus, Picea, Abies, Tsuga, and even Sequoia. The Common North American Douglas Fir Douglas fir is one of the most important timber trees on earth in terms of forest products. It can grow large over centuries but will usually be harvested within a century because of its wood value. The good news is that it is a common non-endangered tree and the most plentiful western conifer in North America. This common fir has two Pacific coastal and Rocky Mountain variants or varieties. The coastal tree grows to a height of 300 feet where the Rocky Mountain variety only reaches 100 feet.   Pseudotsuga menziesii  var. menziesii  (called coastal Douglas fir) grows  in the moist coastal regions from west-central  British Columbia  southward to central  California. These firs in Oregon and Washington range from the  eastern edge of the Cascade mountain range to the Pacific ocean.Pseudotsuga menziesii  var. glauca  (called Rocky Mountain Douglas fir) is a smaller fir that tolerates drier sites and grows along with the coastal variety and throughout the Rocky Mountains to Mexico. Quick Identification of Douglas Fir Douglas fir is not a true fir so both the needle formations and the unique cone can throw you off. The cone has unique snake tongue-like forked bracts creeping out from under the scales. These cones are nearly always intact and plentiful both on and under the tree. True firs have needles that are upturned and not whorled. Doug fir is not a true fir and needles are singly wrapped around the twig and between 3/4 to  1.25 inches long with a white line underneath. The needles are deciduous (but may persist), linear or needle-like, not prickly like spruce, and singly whorled around the twig. Doug fir is also a  favorite Christmas tree  and adapts well to commercial plantations well out of its natural range. The Most Common North American Conifer List Baldcypress  CedarDouglas firFirHemlock  Larch PineRedwoodSpruce

The theoretical rationale for the NPV approach to investment appraisal Essay

The theoretical rationale for the NPV approach to investment appraisal - Essay Example 383). It is originally attributed to Irving Fisher in his 1930 book, The Theory of Interest. The most common application of the Fisher model of NPV is in deriving the value of the net contribution of a potential investment to shareholder value, or for budgeting purposes, when deciding among alternative projects when available capital is limited and may not be sufficient to finance all the projects. In fact, the NPV is a valuation method that may be used to decide situations for which a stream of future returns and future payments may be estimated. The power and allure of the NPV is that it serves so well the role of financial markets that allows individuals and corporations to transfer money between dates (MacMinn, 2005:1). By creating a rationale valuation tool linking money in two different points in time, it becomes possible for the individual to â€Å"save by transferring dollars from the present to the future,† while the corporation may â€Å"invest and finance the investment by transferring dollars from the future to the present† (p.l-2). However, for the model to work requires knowledge of the cost of capital from which the discount rate is derived. The NPV is derived by discounting all future cash inflows and outflows to the present. By â€Å"discounting† is meant calculating the equivalent value in the present of all future cashflows, assuming these cashflows appreciated over time by an annual compound rate such as the cost of money. This â€Å"discount rate† is that rate of return that an investment (of similar risk) in the financial markets may be expected to earn. Otherwise stated, if an amount equivalent to the net present value were invested today in a financial instrument of similar risk as the alternative or project being considered, the rate of return of which is equal to the expected return on the investment, then such amount would represent the same benefit that may be derived from th entire stream of future cash flows yielded by the instrument invested in. When the discount rate has been determined, the present value of a single sum N years in the future may be found by multiplying this single sum by t he discount factor pertaining to the discount rate applied over N number of years. In mathematical terms: Where: PV = present value of the future single sum R = the future single sum N = the number of compounding periods from the present to the time the single sum is realized or expected i = the discount rate The discount factor is equivalent to the factor multiplied by the single sum to obtain the present value. It is denoted by the expression Discount factor (single sum, discount rate i, N periods) = Where there are more than one cash flow, the several cash flows together make up a cash flow stream. In this instance, the sum of the present values of the individual cash flows is equal to the present value of the entire cash flow stream. When the cash flow is an inflow (or revenue), then the cash flow is positive and its present value is also positive. When the cash flow is an outflow (or cost), then the cash flow is negative, and its present value is also negative. Therefore the su m of present values for the inflows and outflows nets out the costs from the revenues, resulting in the net present value. Illustrating the theoretical rationale of the NPV To illustrate the rationale of the NPV approach, assume that management has to choose from three possible investments A, B and C, each with a life of five years and none of which are mutually exclusive, with the following expected future cash inflows and outflows: The cash flows at year 0 (the present) represent the initial investments which are costs and therefore are denoted by the

Principles of Finance Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Principles of Finance - Essay Example The company should be more interested in incremental cash flows in comparison to the total cash flows because incremental cash flows would reflect the increase in the cash flows from the project whereas the company could still be showing positive total profits even if the project is having a loss. Therefore it is more important to use the incremental cash flows as by using this method, the company would be able to analyze the marginal benefits that the project would give to the company and if the incremental cash flows are positive then the project should be accepted. The company should not use the incremental profits because it would also reflect the increase in the accounting profits from the project rather than showing the cash flows. Also the total profits or incremental cash flows should not be used to take capital budgeting decision because a firm can still be in positive total profits or positive incremental profits even if it is suffering from negative cash flows. Therefore, using the incremental cash flows would be the best technique for the firm. ... As depreciation is an expense, and therefore the higher the value of the depreciation expense, the lower would be the accounting profits of the company and therefore the lower amount of tax the company has to pay therefore depreciation would influence the cash flows in this manner. Part C: Sunk Costs and its Affect On Cash Flows When capital budgeting techniques are used to evaluate the feasibility of the project, sunk costs are ignored. The main focus in on the incremental cash flows particularly the incremental cash flows after deduction of taxes as they mainly reflect the cash flows at the end the company would receive. No matter what the decision has been made on the acceptance or rejection of the project, the sunk costs would still occur (Khan, 1993) and this would mean that sunk costs are not to be considered as incremental cash flows. Therefore incorporating the sunk cost in the capital budgeting technique would be irrelevant. Part D: Initial Project Outlay Initial project out lay is the amount of investment that would be required for the project. The initial outlay for this would be: Initial Project Outlay = All costs related to the Plant and equipment including shipping and installation costs + increment in the working capital because of the project Here, the installation and shipping cost is $100,000 Plant and equipment cost is $7,900,000 Increment in working capital is $100,000 So, Initial Project Outlay = $8,100,000 Part E: Differential Cash Flows Over The Project's Life Operating Cash Flow: Â  1 Â  2 Â  3 Â  4 Â  5 Revenue 21,000,000 36,000,000 42000000 24000000 15600000 Variable Cost 12600000 21600000 25200000 14400000 10800000 Â   8,400,000 14,400,000 16,800,000 9,600,000 4,800,000 Depreciation expense $1,600,000 $1,600,000 $1,600,000

Middle Ages Literature Essay Example for Free

Middle Ages Literature Essay The Middle Ages had many interesting characteristics concerning the literature of that time period. The important literary works â€Å"incorporated elements and values drawn from different and conflicting traditions (Patterson 1143). For every opinion, there was another opinion to counter it. Many of the pieces of literature at this time had contradictory ideas in them or had competing interests (Patterson 1144). The literature of this time shows us that â€Å"many people took the central doctrine of Christianity so much for granted that their daily lives seem largely untroubled by the moral and spiritual demands of religion† (Patterson 1144). Another characteristic of the literature was that it alerts us to the â€Å"complexities and dilemmas that any faith poses† (Patterson 1144). The Middle Ages is also called the â€Å"age of chivalry† (Patterson 1144). The literature mainly â€Å"expresses the values of the most powerful members of society, the aristocracy† (Patterson 1144). The aristocracy achieved their power through â€Å"military might† (Patterson 1144). There was also an â€Å"explicit code of chivalry† (Patterson 1145). The values were â€Å"never entirely consistent with each other† (Patterson 1145). Characters of literature had to choose whether to be a lover or a warrior (Patterson 1145). The main concerns of the literature were â€Å"the demands of religious faith and appropriate use of physical force, and the individual human being working out his or her individual destiny† (Patterson 1145). The literature during this time contributed to a list of vivid characters to the world of literature (Patterson 1145). Writers created unforgettable, complex literary characters to deal with the themes (Patterson 1145). The Middle Ages contrasted to the Renaissance because the Renaissance’s characters had â€Å"greater autonomy and fully realized personalities† (James 1883). The Renaissance’s literature did not judge â€Å"human action by right and wrong but by beauty, memorability, and effectiveness† (James 1886). During the Renaissance, the presence of God was much less dominating (James 1887). Medieval men and women were more concerned with the afterlife, while in the Renaissance they had a preoccupation with this life (James 1886). The Canterbury Tales fits into the Middle Ages well with some characteristics and not quite as well concerning others. For example, the Pardoner in The Canterbury Tales preaches the word of God on a daily basis, yet he is morally corrupt in his everyday life (Chaucer 1759). He preaches of greed, yet is greedy himself (Chaucer 1759). The Pardoner steals from the church, as well as innocent people (Chaucer 1758). Chaucer showed us that people took the doctrine of the church for granted. Other characters in The Canterbury Tales spoke of God and were Christians, yet didn’t bother with feeling morally obligated to act right. The dilemmas of being a Christian in real-life are seen. Some of the characters are Christian but it is more complex and takes an effort to be a Christian. The Canterbury Tales didn’t seem to have contradictory themes necessarily. Chaucer makes his views of various social ranks known through a use of satire. The characters themselves are contradictory, as we see with the Pardoner once again (Chaucer 1758). Since Chaucer has every type of social rank represented, we see his view of these ranks, which does contradict some of the jobs or moral obligations of various people. The characters in the story itself did compete for various interests. They all held different values or beliefs about the world. Chaucer lived during this time period, so it is in a way a more realistic view rather than contradictory. The explicit code of chivalry isn’t necessarily a large component of The Canterbury Tales except for perhaps the Knight and his tale. Chaucer shows that some people were focused on the chivalry act during this time. The Canterbury Tales doesn’t focus on pleasing the aristocracy either. Chaucer wrote from the perspective of every social rank so his book was meant for the poor and rich. Its subject matter was meant to be appealing to all Medieval people. The final characteristic that The Canterbury Tales does follow is the well developed characters. Chaucer had a whole list of realistic, complex characters. These characters could rival the Renaissance’s characters to me. I enjoyed reading about the characters and reading even more of The Canterbury Tales online. The Canterbury Tales fits well with the characteristics of the Middle Ages for the most part. The individual characters do have an individual goal in mind. Chaucer seemed as if he cared about his characters and wanted readers to his get to know them on an individual level, which seems more ahead of his time.

Photography vs. Text Essay -- Art Writing Literature Essays

Photography vs. Text Man's first step on the moon, the Hindenburg Disaster, The Gold Rush of 1849, The Great Depression, and the realities of Vietnam are all in our memory because of one thing: photography. Many may not remember what literature and history books say about the war in Vietnam, but what about the graphic photo of a South Vietnamese Buddhist burning himself alive? Some may not recall the words of news anchor Walter Cronkite as he announced the death of President Kennedy, but may reminisce on what film captured-- first he took off his glasses, next he looked you straight in the eyes and delivered the message in a straightforward and serious matter: "Three shots were fired at President Kennedy's motorcade in downtown Dallas." (qtd. in Bestor) Cronkite remembers it as "the only time (he) ever broke down while on the air." (qtd. in Hayes) An hour and a-half later, According to the World Book Multimedia Encyclopedia, photography froze history as Lyndon B. Johnson made his presidential oath on Air-Force One. Jackie Kennedy watched on with ineffable emotion. ("Kennedy"). Two days later was the assassination of Lee Harvey Oswald, captured by a photographer at the exact moment that Jack Ruby pulled the pistol and shot Oswald point-blank. The picture-- depicting the horror on Oswald's face and Jack Ruby's expression of anger-- won the 1963 Pulitzer Prize for photographic journalism. Edward Steichen said to TIME reporters in 1961 that "photography records the gamut of feelings written on the human face, the beauty of the earth and skies that man has inherited, and the wealth and confusion man has created. It is a major force in explaining man to himself." (Eurlich and DeBruhl 505.) Steichen was a pioneer in ... ...t to lose." (Eurlich and DeBruhl 126) These great pieces of art are primarily so for their ability to freeze time in a split second. No other art form in the world, not even literature, can match that. Works Cited Eurlich, Eugene, and Marshall DeBruhl. The International Thesaurus of Quotations New York: HarperPerrenial, 1996 World Book Multimedia Encyclopedia San Diego: Ivid Communications, 1997 Bestor, Mary Jane. JFK Death: Sunday Was 35th Anniversary News Article 21 Jun. 2000 <http://www.wcco.com/news/stories/news-981123-055109.html> Hayes, Ace R. A Reporter's Lie: Cronkite and the Party Line (Book Review) 22 Jun. 2000 <http://www.radio4all.org/pfp/cronkite.html> Newmann, Renee M. Dyslexia: Explanations from Science Dyslexia & Dyscalculia Support Services of Shiawassee County. 24 Jun. 2000 <http://www.shianet.org/~reneenew/dysl.html>

Cuneiform And Hieroglyphics Essay

The invention of writing was an important part of the development of Sumer and Egypt. There are many similarities and differences to the writings of each of these civilizations. The Sumerians developed a writing called cuneiform. Cuneiform is the oldest written language in existence. Each picture represents a living or nonliving thing. Cuneiform was written on clay tablets with a wedge-shaped instrument called a stylus. Henry Creswicke Rawlinson was the first person to decipher the meanings of cuneiform. He did so in 1846. Cuneiform eventually spread throughout the region and was adopted by many other early civilizations. The Egyptians developed a writing that they named hieroglyphics. The word hieroglyphic means ?sacred inscriptions? because they were often written on the walls of temples. Hieroglyphics were created about 5000 years ago. There are not any vowels, only consonants. There is also no punctuation. In 1799, the Rosetta Stone was discovered. The Rosetta Stone was the secret to discovering the meanings of hieroglyphics. On the Rosetta Stone there were three sections of print, each saying the same thing but in different languages. At the top, the paragraph was written in hieroglyphics. Second, it was written in Demotic. Lastly the paragraph was written in Ancient Greek. By reading the ancient Greek word and names, the other paragraphs could be deciphered. Twenty-three years after it?s discovery, Jean-FranVois Champollion figured out what the hieroglyphics meant. Hieroglyphics are pictures that represent a letter. In both civilizations, mostly only scribes knew how to read and write. Being a scribe was a very honorable profession. People who were to become scribes went to school for many years starting at a young age. The profession of being a scribe was passed down through families; if a boy?s father was a scribe, he would become one also. Because children needed to be taught to read and write when they were to  become scribes, schools were created. Eventually, these schools became more than centers of just learning the art of reading and writing, but they also became centers of learning of botany, astronomy, medicine, and mathematics. People becoming more literate and more knowledgeable helped greatly in the development of the civilizations. Both writings, cuneiform and hieroglyphics, were invented to improve the record keeping of the civilization. By having a written language, Egypt and Sumer could kept records, draw up contracts and official documents, record laws and legal judgments, and record sales. As time went on, being able to write also enabled people to write down formulas, procedures, legends, prayers, and hymns. Even though there were many differences between cuneiform and hieroglyphics, there were many similarities. These similarities caused writing to be important in the growth of Sumer and Egypt.

Ethics Essay

The case study of Jerry McCall, one of the medical assistants in Dr. William’s office, describes one of the many challenges that occur on a daily basis while working in a doctor’s office. There are many different levels of staff present in an office that have an array of different job duties and scopes of practice. Jerry was presented with a patient that was in need of a prescription refill on a medication that he is not allowed to issue without direct authorization from the physician. Unfortunately for Jerry he was covering a lunch break and the only one in the office at that time. There are a number of different ethical decisions that Jerry is faced with in which we will cover below. Jerry’s medical training as a medical assistant does not include the release of any type of refill of prescription medications without the authorization or direction from the physician. The scope of practice for a medical assistant includes performing â€Å"administrative and certain clinical duties under the direction of physician. Administrative duties may include scheduling appointments, maintaining medical records, billing, and coding for insurance purposes. Clinical duties may include taking and recording vital signs and medical histories, preparing patients for examination, drawing blood, and administering medications as directed by physician† (Medical Assistant Job Description, 1997-2013). It is also stated in the case study that Jerry is a Licensed Practical Nurse, which is also only to refill a prescription under the direction of the physician. Would it make a difference if the medication requested were for control of high blood pressure that the patient critically needs on a daily basis? There should not be a difference between what types of medications Jerry is asked to authorize to refill for a patient. This type of duty is not part of the medical assistant’s scope of practice. There are other alternatives that Jerry can turn to in order to problem-solve this situation that will be discussed below. If Jerry calls in the refill and the patient has an adverse reaction while flying, is Jerry protected from a lawsuit under the doctrine of respondent superior? The doctrine of respondent superior is a â€Å"legal doctrine most commonly used in tort, that holds an employer or principal legally responsible for the wrongful acts of an employee or agent, if such acts occur within the scope of the employment or agency† (Cornell University Law School, 2010). This is stating that the physician is also responsible and can be held accountable for the actions of Jerry. Jerry must practice within the scope of practice set for medical assistants and within his job description. The physician can be held liable by the patient and can have charges pressed on him based on this doctrine. The advice I would have for Jerry is to make sure he is looking at this situation as if it were the governing board for medical assistants looking at the same issue. He should not make a decision that is above his job description and out of his scope of practice. This could cause serious problems leading to Jerry possible losing his job. Jerry has a code of ethics that he needs to abide. The patient’s safety should be what Jerry is concerned with. Major legal and ethical issues that may affect Jerry’s decision are very clear in this situation. If Jerry authorizes this prescription without the physician’s direction he is practicing outside of his scope as a medical assistant and will lose not only his job, but his license. Ethically, he is knowingly performing an illegal act and can be held accountable for this in a court of law. Some problem-solving methods that might be helpful to assist in making an ethical decision are for Jerry to review his code of ethics. This will educate Jerry that â€Å"the code of ethics of American Association of Medical Assistants shall set forth principles of ethical and moral conduct as they relate to the medical profession and the particular practice of medical assisting, render service with full respect for the dignity of humanity, and uphold the honor and high principles of the profession and accept its disciplines† (Fremgen, 2009, p. 328). Another ethical way to problem-solve this issue it to simply call the physician to let him know this patient is in need of a refill which needs to be called in as soon as possible for the patient. This will place the responsibility back to the physician where it should be. Jerry should instruct the patient that authorizing a refill without the physician’s direction is against the law, and Jerry will notify the physician right away to make him aware of the patient’s needs. In conclusion, Jerry should stick to his code of ethics as a medical assistant and handle the prescription dilemma as any medical assistant should do within his scope of practice. Jerry should also take into consideration that any ethical decisions he makes can result in the physician he works for being held accountable for Jerry’s actions. The advice for Jerry to call the physician to make him aware of the patients needs would allow him to make the best ethical and legal decision available. Like any working professional, Jerry is held to a code of ethics that he took a vow to uphold, and should remember this when dealing with the safety of any patient.

To the lighthouse, Intro to Narrative technique essays

To the lighthouse, Intro to Narrative technique essays Virginia Woolfs To The Lighthouse (1927) Stream of consciousness, the narrative technique used by Woolf, was a relatively new method of storytelling used by many modernist writers in the first half of the twentieth century. The term stream of consciousness was first used by philosopher William James in 1890 in his book Principles of Psychology. The metaphor is an apt one in its depiction of the ebb and flow of thought. Consider the way the human mind works when it is not concentrating on anything: The mind wanders from thought to thought, often diverted by outside influences The first thing to note about this novel is that Woolf uses a specific form of the stream of consciousness technique called indirect interior monologue. Interior means that we are inside the consciousness of one character speaking to herself (monologue), thinking or remembering some past experience. Unlike direct interior monologue where the reader knows which characters consciousness is being presented, the consciousness being explored in the indirect method of Woolf is not always obvious. Sometimes its one characters consciousness, sometimes the narrative voice, sometimes another characters consciousness, and often these are blended within one sentence without obvious signals being given as to the change of perspective. Timeframes: Before examining an example from The Window section of the novel, its important to keep in mind that this entire section comprises one day at the summer house of the Ramsays, a middle-class Victorian couple, and that the year is probably 1909. More specifically, we begin the section during the hours after tea when Mrs. Ramsay and her son James are sitting before the drawing room window while Lily Briscoe is painting their portrait. Other members of the household are involved with their ordinary occupations: ...

7th Grade Math Course of Study

7th Grade Math Course of Study The following list provides you with the basic 7th grade math  concepts that should be attained by the end of the school year. Mastery of the concepts at the previous grade is assumed. A standard seventh grade course of study includes numbers, measurements, geometry, algebra, and probability. Heres a breakdown of the specific topics. Numbers Give factors, multiples, integer amounts and square roots for numbers.Compare and order decimals, fractions and integers.Add and subtract integers.Be able to perform multi-step word problems for all of the above operations.Add, subtract, multiply and divide fractions and convert between fractions, decimals and percents.Explain and justify a variety of procedures for the above related concepts in problem solving. Measurements Use measurement terms appropriately, be able to measure a variety of items at home and at school.Be able to solve more complex problems with measurement estimations an problems using a variety of formulas.Estimate and calculate areas for trapezoids, parallelograms, triangles, prisms circles using the correct formulas.Estimate and calculate volumes for prisms, sketch prisms (rectangular) given the volumes. Geometry Hypothesize, sketch, identify, sort, classify, construct, measure, and apply a variety of geometric shapes and figures and problems.Sketch and construct a variety of shapes given the dimensions.Create and solve a variety of geometric problems.Analyze and identify shapes that have been rotated, reflected, translated and describe those that are congruent.Determine if shapes/figures will tile a plane (tessellate).Analyze different types of tiling patterns. Algebra/Patterning Extend, analyze and justify the explanations for patterns and their rules and a more complex levelBe able to write algebraic equations/expressions and write statements to understand simple formulas.Evaluate a variety of simple linear algebraic expressions at a beginning level 1 variable and first-degree.Be able to solve and simplify algebraic equations with the 4 operations.Substitute natural numbers for variables when solving algebraic equations. Probability Design surveys, collect and organize more complex data and identify and explain patterns and trends in data.Construct a variety of graphs and label them appropriately and state the difference between selecting one graph over another.Defend your choices of graphs.Make more accurate predictions based on data.Understand the importance of statistics on decision making and provide real life scenarios.Describe collected data in terms of mean, median and the mode and be able to analyze any bias.Make inferences, predictions and evaluations based on interpretations of data collection results.Be able to predict possible outcomes based on background information.Apply the rules of probability to games of chance and sports. Course Topics for All Grades Pre-K Kdg. Gr. 1 Gr. 2 Gr. 3 Gr. 4 Gr. 5 Gr. 6 Gr. 7 Gr. 8 Gr. 9 Gr. 10 Gr.11 Gr. 12

Cte d'Ivoire Outline & Report Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

Cte d'Ivoire Outline & Report - Research Paper Example Since the issue of who will lead the country has already been resolved, Ivory Coast is in the process of moving forward and breaking all barriers caused by war. The government has concrete plans on turning the fortune of the country. In addition, foreign aid and investments have been pledged to boost the country’s economy. Another issue that prevents Ivory Coast from improving is the lack of human capital development. The level of investment provided to improve cocoa farmers is low. The government needs to pay attention to this segment as majority of the population are into agriculture. Prices of commodities have to remain competitive and taxes should be reduced. I. Country Profile The Republic of Cote d'Ivoire, also known as Ivory Coast is a country situated in West Africa. The country has a total land area 322,460 square kilometers and shares borders with Liberia, Ghana, Guinea, Mali, and Burkina Faso. The southern boundary of the country includes a 515-coastline from the Gu lf of Guinea. Ivory Coast’s terrain includes lagoons in the southeast, dense forests in the southwest, and savannah areas in the north. The west part of the country is mostly mountainous with wide plains. The country’s climate is warm and transitions from tropical to equatorial. Ivory Coast experiences heavy rains during the months of June to October and dry periods from December to April. The average temperature is at 25 to 30 degrees Celsius with the lowest at 10 degrees Celsius and highest at 40 degrees Celsius (CIA, 2011). As of July 2011, Cote d'Ivoire has an estimated population of 21,504,162 which ranks the country 56th in the world. The population comprises of major ethnic groups; the biggest which is Akan with 42% of the total population. The other ethnic groups from largest to smallest include Gur, Northern Mandes, Krous and Southern Mandes. Each year, the population of the country increases by 2.0 percent with a birth rate of 31 per 1,000 people and death ra te of 10 per 1,000 people. Life expectancy on the average is at 57 years with males reaching 56 years and females reaching 58 years (CIA, 2011). Ivory Coast’s largest city is Abidjan where the seat of government is located. The capital city of Yamoussoukro and the government is divided into 19 regions and 81 departments. Other main cities include Bouake, Daloa, Korhogo, San Pedro and Divo. The country’s official language is French but the use of English has been observed. About 39% of the people are Muslims, 32% are Christians, 12% are indigenous and the rest have no established religion. Ivory Coast is 51% urbanized and the rate on urbanization is at 3.7% change annually. Literacy rate is at 49% where 61% of the men and 38 of women can read and write. In terms of age structure, 57% are aged between 15 to 64 years old, 40% are between 0 to 14 years old and the rest of the population is over 65 years old (CIA, 2011). II. History There have been documents stating there w ere pre-historic human settlements in Ivory Coast. Most of the groups that established communities in the country were tribes that broke away from powerful groups in West Africa. The lush forests have served as barrier preventing foreign tribes from coming in. Hence Ivory Coast has limited foreign influence and has limited awareness as to what is happening outside. During the 18th century, most communities were

Leadership Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words - 7

Leadership - Essay Example ept of leadership from the perspective of leader-follower exchange theory is that followers follow because they get something from being followers and leaders provide some value that benefits followers. Followers respond in ways that benefit the leader. Current approach has a few dimensions that shape the concept of leader and leadership. Leaders provide vision and direction to their followers. They provide answers to the questions, â€Å"Where are we going? What are our objectives? What are we trying to achieve?† In some cases these objectives are modest and concrete, but in others the vision is quite grand. Some authors (Collins & Porras, 1994) have described the vision as a BHAG, a â€Å"big, hairy, audacious, goal. † It is a vision that says we are here to do more than meet our numbers or to pass the next inspection. We are here, in this group or organization, for a far grander purpose. So the vision not only provides a sense of direction, it can also provide â€Å"meaning, † or an answer to the question, â€Å"Why are we here?† A second benefit that a leader can provide is security and protection for followers. This is an important function in military contexts and also in corporate and political domains. In extreme cases leaders can place themselves in harms way to protect followers. Less extreme versions of this type of behavior can be seen when executives put their own careers in jeopardy to argue against laying off subordinates, or when political leaders take risks to protect the interests of their constituencies. In hostile environments, be they military or economic, leaders place their personal wellbeing at risk to shield their followers. Through the completion of group or organizational tasks, leaders allow their followers to achieve goals that would be difficult or impossible to achieve by one person alone or by a group without the leader. The need to be effective is one of the frequently overlooked human motives. There are many goals that can only be

MUSEUM VISIT AND ANALYSIS OF A WORK OF ART Essay

MUSEUM VISIT AND ANALYSIS OF A WORK OF ART - Essay Example The sculpted image brings the two Hindu deities; Shiva and Parvati, into a mutual harmony that pictures a microcosm of the Hindu society. Upon critical assessment of the artwork, it is clear that there was an elucidation of a vision of reunion of nature. The artwork can be said to be a microcosm of societal codependence and coexistence. Moreover, the elucidation and texture of the sculpture exudes power and authority to the viewer in the finest nuances. The Stele with Shiva and Parvati is a high relief sculpture on hard wood. In the sculpture, the deities are attended by their offspring; the human headed Skanda on the lower right and the elephant headed Ganesha on the lower left. There is also Shiva’s bull Nandi that protrudes his head besides Shiva’s right hip. Notable in this artwork is the detail with which the sculpture tried to create the whole form. In this artwork, as in the other works of Indian art, there is a voluptuous feeling because of the freedom of expres sion. This form gives the artwork a strong sense of Indian culture of the 10th and 11th century. The sculpture is a depiction of images that were central to the iconography of Paryathi in India including the theme of Shiva, the image of Shiva and the image of Liga and Yoni. The images form a combination of Shiva and Parvati, yielding a vision of reconciliation as seen in the sculpture. In the artwork, it is clear that the two deities are interdependent and their positioning breaks the rule of Indian art a little by depicting the two with no significant size difference. They are therefore, almost commanding the same power and ability. This means that may be the person who curved it attempted to deconstruct the Hindu social expectation and hierarchy of deities. Although, in reality the Shiva looks bigger in size and form in this sculpture; the earlier artworks depicts this difference as substantial. The form and texture of the sculpture is also an interesting part. For example, the co mbination of the two deities may also symbolize a union of man and woman in elation and sexual bliss; given by the shiny surface which characterizes sexual power. As alluded before, the style in this sculpture is slightly drifting from the traditional Hindu art made before and after by the fact that in the creation of the two deities, Shiva is depicted as powerful and huge in size than Parvati who is depicted as smaller in size and submissive. The Hindu mythology has it that Parvati is the source of all power, and although Parvati is junior to Shiva, Shiva gets all his power from her. Therefore, this artwork stands with its own narrative different from the pieces created of Shiva and Parvati before and after this work’s creation period. This makes it representative of style of the artworks created during its time, but different to the then popular thematic narrative. This sculpture was intended to be placed in a temple or visible public walls in India because it depicted two deities, which were highly significant in the Hindu religion. In line with the dressing code of the central India, Parvati is in a dress that flows to her feet. Their independence to each other depicts the way Indian religion viewed the deities as independent, but mutually

2012 Penn State University Football Team Scandal

2012 Penn State University Football Team Scandal This was the scandal that woke up our nation to the sexual abuse and unethical conduct in our university system. Jerry Sandusky had been on the Penn State football coaching staff. Mr. Sandusky was the defensive coordinator for Joe Paterno for 30 plus years. Graham Spanier, Penn States president, Gary Schultz, Penn State’s vice president and Tim Curley the athletic director were all charged for perjury to a grand jury about the knowing of Mr. Sanduskys sexual misconduct and not reporting the child abuse or sexual abuse to the proper authorities.† This paper will show what ethically went wrong with the people involved with the 2012 Penn State Football Program scandal that destroyed their football program.    The President of Penn State Mr. Spanier had been in charge for over 16 years before he was forced to resign in the year 2011. Mr. Spanier believed that Gary Schultz and Tim Curley followed all the proper rules and regulations during this sexual abuse scandal. Mr. Schultz had a extensive history at Penn State. Gary Schultz attained his bachelors along with his master’s degree from Penn State. Mr. Schultz started his career at Penn State in the year 1971 in which he had different admin duties in business operations, finance, and technology. The in 1995 he was appointed to the Vice President position. Mr. Schultz had decided to retire from the university then return in 2011 on a temporary basis until the university was able to hire someone for the position. The athletic director Tim Curley was at Penn State from 1993 until 2011. Joe Paterno was the head coach of the Penn State football team during the time of this scandal. Joe Paterno, was on the coaching staff of this football t eam for over half a century from 1966 to 2011. Jerry Sandusky is a convicted serial child molester, and was the assistant coach to Joe Paterno for more than 30 years which most of those years as a defensive coordinator. Through the 1970’s Mr. Sandusky had developed the nonprofit organization named The Second Mile. The Second Mile was to helped underprivileged children and their parents that are at risk in the state of Pennsylvania. There were a few incidents that pointed the finger at Sandusky’s indecent behavior with young boys on the Penn State campus. There are incidents also off campus. I will focus on the incidents that happened at Penn State. In 1998 was the first incident. The Penn State police department along with the Pennsylvania Public Welfare investigated an incident where the mother of the 11year old boy had reported Mr. Sandusky took a with her son and may had sexual conduct with the young boy. After the investigation of Mr. Sandusky confessed of taking a shower in the nude with the young boy he made apology and all charges were dropped. There were two janitors that witnessed incidents on the same night in 2000. Fall of 2000 a janitor that worked at the university observed a man, which was identified as Mr. Sandusky, in the showers of the assistant coach’s locker in the Lasch Building with a child. Mr. Sandusky had the boy pinned to the wall and Mr. Sandusky was performing oral sex o n the child. Then on the same night, a different janitor saw two pairs of feet in the same shower at the Lasch Building but he could not see the upper torso of the two people. The janitor waited for them to finish their shower, then he later saw Mr. Sandusky with a child, leave the locker room holding hands. The head janitor told that they told about what they witnessed. The other janitor advised the head janitor how he could report what he saw, if he wanted to do so. Everyone knows that the Penn State football, it is the heart of the University and the surrounding community. Joe Paterno is like Paul Bear Bryant to Alabama when it comes to Penn State Football. The ethical dilemma is that what these janitors faced should of been reported and the incidents they witnessed to their supervisors at the University to protect these children and to prevent any possible damage to the University. But instead these janitors did nothing to save their jobs. Which resulted in they decided not to r eport because they were scared of losing their jobs. Was this morally a good decision? No it wasn’t. What these janitors witnessed was wrong and they knew it was. I can understand that someone wouldn’t want to lose their job, but children being molested should’ve been at the top of the list. They felt too much pressure to do what was ethically right. Janitor B thought that Paterno had a lot of power and would get rid of whomever he had to in order to protect the program. Football runs through the veins of this college. Those connected with the program would do what they had to do to keep the reputation of the football program as well as the University squeaky clean. There are a couple of ethical questions I have when I look at this scandal. The first one is what would make an ethical person make bad choices when they are facing an ethical dilemma? Why did Graham Spanier, Gary Schultz, Tim Curley, and Joe Paterno turn their back on Jerry Sandusky’s molestation of young boys at Penn State? The group of men mentioned all failed to protect children from a child predator, Jerry Sandusky. Here is an ethical dilemma that Spanier, Schultz, Curley, Paterno faced. Should they have taken legal action against Sandusky and possibly caused the University reputation to be smeared or should they have just talk to Sandusky and move on from this situation. They chose to just talk to Sandusky and just move on. This is ethically wrong because they were not looking out for the welfare of the children from the Second Mile that Sandusky brought to the Penn State campus. It’s obvious that Penn States big four leaders were more committed to making sure the University did not get any negative reporting instead of thinking of the safety of the children the university brought Mr. Sandusky to the campus and then he molested children. The big four covered up what Sandusky was doing to children. I feel that the Penn State police department also played a part in this scandal. I feel the Penn State police department should have gotten more involved including the FBI. If the other coaches and staff new about this why didn’t they do something. Joe Paterno is just as guilty as Mr. Sandusky because he knew that this was going on but did nothing. Why didn’t they charge Sandusky in 1998 when the child’s mother reported Sandusky showered with her son and had inappropriate contact with him? Sandusky apologized for his behavior and it was all dismissed. Which it should have never been dismissed. Mr. Sandusky should have gone straight to jail. Was football bigger than everything in Penn State? It seemed like the leaders of the Uni versity and the police department was more concerned with protecting the reputation of the University instead of prosecuting a child molester.   In 1999 Sandusky retired from Penn State. However, he was still granted access to the same areas of the University even after his retirement. In 2002 there was another incident witnessed in which Sandusky had abused another boy. â€Å"On March 2, 2002, Mike McQuarrie tells football Coach Paterno that he saw Sandusky in the locker room shower the evening before, performing sex on a child to be 10 years old. On March 3, 2002, Coach Paterno reported the incident to Athletic Director Tim Curley, telling the graduate assistant had seen Sandusky doing something of a sexual nature to a young boy. â€Å"Tim Curley informed Schultz about what Paterno reported to him. The outcome was Sandusky had to turnover his keys and was no longer allowed to bring kids from his Second Mile foundation to the campus. This was not reported to the law enforcement. During this I really looked at Paterno. He was known to be a good guy, but in my opinion, he approving of Mr. Sandusky’s behavior by not ta king action and reporting it. Since the year 1998 Coach Paterno knew that Mr. Sandusky was involved molesting children. What did he do when faced with this ethical dilemma, he looked the other way. Coach Paterno thought it was more important to protect the image of his football team and Penn State instead of taking matters in his own hands. Even though Sandusky retired he still was associated directly with Paterno on the campus. What should Paterno have done? I think that Paterno should have taken the actions of a whistle blower. â€Å"Serious harm raises moral intensity of an issue.† (Trevino & Nelson, 2011) These children were being seriously harmed and even when the leaders of the University were obviously covering up this situation. I feel Joe Paterno should have taken the necessary steps to let law enforcement know that Sandusky was still molesting young boys. Spanier, Schultz, and Curley were all released from their duties at Penn State charged with covering up Sandusky’s abuse of young boys from his Second Mile foundation. Joe Paterno was dismissed from the Penn State Nittany Lions and later died from complications from a lung cancer treatment. If Joe Paterno was still alive he also would have faced charges for covering up Sandusky’s molestation of young boys. The Second Mile foundation is trying shutdown and transfer to another youth based ministry that will help underprivileged kids. Jerry Sandusky was sentenced to jail for 30 to 60 years for sex abuse of minors. Jerry Sandusky is 69 years old and after this sentence will spend the rest of his life in jail. The 2012 Penn State Scandal involved the top leaders of Penn State University. There were a few incidents that pointed the finger at Jerry Sandusky for sexually molesting young boys from his Second Mile foundation. What would make an ethical person make bad choices when they are facing an ethical dilemma?   Why did Graham Spanier, Gary Schultz, Tim Curley, and Joe Paterno turn their back on Jerry Sandusky’s molestation of young boys at Penn State? Why didn’t the Penn State police pursue this further? These are few ethical questions about this scandal. Even after Sandusky retired from Penn State he was still allowed to have access he did when he was employed. Joe Paterno was also involved in this cover-up. All the top leaders were fired from their duties at Penn State. This scandal did ruin the reputation of this University in which the big four tried so hard to not let happen. It’s sad that they all did not make better ethical decisions.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   References: Penn state scandal: Timeline from November 2011 to July 2012. (n.d.). Retrieved from http://www.huffingtonpost.com/2012/07/18/penn-state-timeline-nov-july_n_1682867.html Schultz returns to fill interim senior vp post; nominations sought. (n.d.). Retrieved from http://news.psu.edu/story/156548/2011/07/29/schultz-returns-fill-interim-senior-vp-post-nominations-sought A timeline of the Penn state child sex abuse scandal. (n.d.). Retrieved from http://www.cnn.com/2011/11/16/justice/pennsylvania-coach-abuse-timeline Paterno, others slammed in report for failing to protect Sandusky’s victims. (n.d.). Retrieved from http://www.npr.org/blogs/thetwoway/2012/07/12/156654260/was-there-a-coverup-report-on-penn-state-scandalmay-tell-us Linda K. Trevino & Katherine A. Nelson, K. A. (2017). Managing Business Ethics. (7th ed.).

The Author to Her Book :: essays research papers

The Author to Her Book In â€Å"The Author to Her Book,† Anne Bradstreet explains how she felt when her poems were published without her knowledge and consent. She explains these feelings of resentment, humiliation, pride, affection, and commitment with the use of many poetic devices. She frequently experiences an internal struggle. Bradstreet uses extended metaphor throughout the poem to express her unhappiness with the publishing of her poems. The use of this metaphor helps us to relate emotionally to her. Line one shows how Bradstreet views her own creation as her own child. She uses apostrophe and personification to express to us how her works were taken away and published without her perfecting them first. In the line â€Å"At thy return my blushing was not small,† Bradstreet declares her embarrassment. She then uses another metaphor in line eight to express again her pain â€Å"My rambling brat (in print) should mother call.† Her words seem to be harsh, but they are written with good cause. Bradstreet is trying to show more clearly her pain, relating her feelings of embarrassment to the embarrassment a parent of a misbehaving child may feel. This poem is written in iambic pentameter and the rhyme pattern is heroic couplet. For example, in line eight she uses the iambic pentameter to stress th e relationship of the child and the book. She uses a simile in line nine to communicate her feeling of objection to the poems. She does not see them fit for publishing. Although she is disappointed, she cannot turn her back on them. Just as a mother would not turn her back on her own child. Bradstreet uses personification in lines thirteen through fifteen when she speaks of her poems as if they had a face. She explains that she would fix things if she could. She speaks of â€Å"rubbing off a spot† or erasing a mistake. Bradstreet also tells of adjusting the meter in her poem when she says â€Å"stretched thy joints to make thee even feet.† In line nineteen Bradstreet uses consonance â€Å"mongst vulgars may’st thou roam.† She uses this consonance to stress how she is about to finally let go.

Analysis of Current Event at Telstra Essay

Management issue is a common phenomenon that an organization attempting to maximize profits must grapple with. Telecommunication as it is the case with Telstra Corporation Limited has been distinguished by highly competitive market. On the same breath, actors and competitors on the market have been seen struggling with the increasing cost of operation, production, development and mature market. In light of this, the Company faces management issue when it comes to decision making, integrating new models and working within the realm of theoretical frameworks. ResearchMoz (2013) notes that in an industry where competition is rife, analysis of a company’s management issues and current events encompass the recognition of different strategies that enable it maintain competitive position. Despite these positions, it has to be recognized that analysis of management issues of Telstra Corporation Limited must first recognize the position of the Company with regard to managing risks as p ostulated by the Company’s Chief Risk Office (Schermerhorn et al., 2014). Ideally, Telstra Corporation Limited has Corporate Social Responsibility (CSR) to undertake and as one of its management issue or strategy. Consequently, such must be conceptualised through its laid platform, structure, financial reports and annual reports. Similarly, evidence based researches have shown that the first step in understanding management of a company is to integrate its undertaking when it comes to CSR and how sustainable the Company intends to operate with regard to the environment, competitors and specific objectives (Millmore, 2007; Hubbard, 2008; Bardoel, 2012). Based on the Company’s Corporate Social Report 2014, its CSR is embedded on four critical issues; internal environment, external environment, customers and sustainability (Corporate Social Responsibility Report, 2014). That is, the commitment of the Company towards corporate responsibility starts with simple but straight forward commitments that cover its areas of operations and targeted objectives. F rom its principled perspective, the primary corporate responsibility can be summarised as follows: Provision of the country a foundation that ensures economic growth, sustainability prosperity, productivity improvement and global competitive Contributing towards resources; increasing technology, product services and people in employment to support the communities in which the Company operates and the specific needs of community at large Give a leading stewardship of environment by first and importantly, conservation, efficiency in the usage of resources, reducing and maintaining environmental footprint and reduction of operation costs (e.g. it took part in the Mobile Phone Recycling Program that was co-ordinated by the Australian Mobile Telecommunications Associations (AMTA) (Daley et al. 2014) Based on the Company’s corporate social responsibility as one of the management issues and as reported in the article, there is an integration of new management approach and that is the fact that risk management approach has been tailored to facilitate maximization of profits. Conversely, it can be established, based on its business principles and risk management approaches that the CSR has succeeded in the reduction of any adverse effects on and injury to the environment. Such is also embedded on the desire to preserve the beneficial qualities of the environment, while ensuring quality products and services in Australia (Baigh, 2014). In addition, to the above principles, analysis of the company’s management of this particular issue has also considered profits to the Company thus concluding that Telstra is revamping on this particular management strategy which is succeeding in line with its short and long term goals. To conceptualise this argument, scholars such as Hooper and Potter (2006) have drawn a thin line between CSR as a management issue and as a marketing issue. To ascertain that the CSR approach as contextualized is a management issue but financial or marketing issue, in most cases, companies always engage in pricing strategies which also depend on value pricing coupled with strategic markdowns. In such cases, this makes sales of their products to go down since it cannot compete effectively with other products. Additionally, products face what Hamlin (2012) terms as ‘a society of shifting priorities’ (p.281). Therefore there is pressure to keep up with the emerging social needs by style modification. It is for this reason that any decision to modify must be embedded on the premise to meet the needs of the targeted consumers. While the explanation above provides for what would constitute a marketing issue, what Telstra engages in is management issue. According to Johnson et al. (2011), CSR is not only management issue but a current one the sense that it deals with financial performance, top management, chief executive and shareholders. Herewith, the management issue within the context of Telstra is the responsiveness that should be taken because in a competitive environment where there are other operator s such as Huawei and Vodacom, managers are supposed to intervene in accordance with their position and power, especially where management can fail to respond to economic challenges and changes. Also related to CSR as a marketing issue is ethical decision making approaches. According to the article, the process of identification of managing risks through ethical decision making is an integral part of the Company’s governance framework and management issue which help in the realization of the success of the strategy as well as financial prospects for future operations. Telstra business ethics entails standards and principles that guide managers, individuals and work group behaviour in line with telecommunication and terms of service in Australia. Additionally, it is important to note that stakeholders of the Company make these conventions (principles) and such have been codified as regulations and laws. Contextualising this definition within the frameworks business management issue; ethical decision making help Telstra family design strategies that eliminate misconduct. According to Peng (2014) there are three significant components that sum up its ethical decision making as critical management issue; ethical decision making being individual factors, ethical decision making being Company’s relationship with others and ethical decision making being opportunities available for the Company. Basically, while this issue might to be seen as revamp on a current management strategy, it has been applied successfully since the Company bases the three components on behaviourist theory where what matters is what individuals in the Company can do rather than specific quality or attribute. That is, different patterns of individual b ehaviours are linked to ethical decisions that are made by the Company and such are geared towards the realisation of the goals and objectives that have been set by the Company. To contextualise the success of the Company with its approach of ethical decision making as one the management issue, Perren and Burgoyne (2010) report that Telstra has been engaging with Communication Workers Union with a view to offering better terms of service and transparency in supply management. For instance, in 2013, the Company engaged Low-Income Measures Assessment Committee (LIMAC) (this is an example of Communication Workers Union which is viewed as independent and transparent) which made changes to the package the Company was initially giving to its workers and suppliers. In connection to this, the Company, this particular issue has successful been engaged in what Katzenbach and Smith (2005) term as ‘vertical management’ (p. 37). Vertical management within the context of ethical decision making is a case where a Company liaises with regulatory organization so as to have a common agenda and conform to the requirements of the industry. Conceptualist theorists a nd ethical formalism argue that ethical decision making process in management encompass evaluations of fairness product stewardships but with respect to firm’s overall culture. In summary, with ethical decision making process as one of the management issue, Telstra has a well-defined management and leadership structure which is focused on the achievement of defined objectives including ‘green’ managements. Lastly, this issue departs from being finance or marketing issue on the ground that the approach lacks market orientation is a model that concretizes the strategy of finance and marketing. Senge et al. (2007) define this theory (market orientation) as a strategy that ensures all products and services as undertaken by Companies are oriented towards specific demands of clients and customers. Still on ethical decision making as one of the Company’s management issue or approach, Telstra’s planning, leading, organising, controlling and functioning is based on choices made on guidelines laid. According to article, one of the important issues to not is that the Company’s risk management frameworks are aligned with ISO 31000 Risk Management (Baigh, 2014). While this is an indicator of a management strategy or practice that has succeeded, underpinnings of theories of issue management are significant to the Company additionally; technical and commercial objectives remain axis for the Company. The success in management of this issue is conceptualised with regard to audience or customer satisfaction. This is to mean that in as much as its ethical decision making remains a priority as a management issue, targeted markets shapes such priorities—an aspect Aras and Crowther (2009) terms as ‘ascertaining the success of management strategies and policie s in downstream and upstream relationships’ (p. 213). From Michael Patterson (Telstra’s General Manager for Tasmania) statement on the legal battle the Company had with Optus, it can be realized that the Company’s planning, leading, organising, controlling and functioning are in line with the tenet of management of telephony inputs and components that are required in the market. This is an indication that there is long term transparency and conformity to good practices. Assessing Corporate Social Report 2013 vis-Ã  -vis opening of the China’s SouFun Sensis, there is evidence that efforts are diverted to supply chain relationships with third party suppliers as well as other competitors. It is important to note that Telstra is overemphasizing on CSR strategies; an aspect that may affects its ethical decision making. If this stretches beyond what the Company can handle, strategic alignment with other sectors may be affected. Basically, this is where this strategy differs from the aspect of marketing in the sense that according to the theory of signaling, the best way to market a product is to engage a brand or product in competitive signal that are intended to pass information to potential consumers with an aim of making such consumers believe that competing products are substandard (Cole, 2012). This is exactly how Cadbury for instance has succeeded in capturing the attention of their targeted market every time they engage in marketing. Telstra, through this does management and not marketing as they do not engage in competitive signaling. As a management approach, Telstra looks at ethical decision making differently. That is as a management issue, ethical decision making is seen in terms of transparency when it comes to critical corporate accounting and statements. One of the critical goals of the Company is to attain what it terms as ‘front-line management’ (Baigh, 2014 p.26). The benefits of the people within and around have been necessitated through avoidance of misleading information. The continuum of growth in economy resonates around a transparent business operation—which is also a recipe of what this assessment considers to be a successful management approach. Synopsis on the Management Issue From the perspective of undertakings in the Company, the aspect is a management issue in the sense that it analyses the environment issues in lieu of external factors that impact business activities. On the other hand, the purpose of the management issues as analysed is to evaluate and determinate competitive advantages as well as threats a Company has with regard to its operations. These analyses recognise stiff competitions, threats and opportunities faced by companies such as Optus, Vodafone and 3 Mobile. In as much, this analysis considers Telstra due to its cutting edge when it comes to services such as broadband, hosting, directory and pay TV which are not as extensive in other companies. Since the management issue has been a success, revamping of a current policy is twofold; first, there is need to strategize the management issue identified to an extent that the company benefits from the economies of scales and the strong relationships with suppliers, which will place it in a strong bargaining position with its upstream partners and allows leveraging the costs. Strategizing the management issue to attain this goal means that a focus on customer-relationship and loyalty creation, as well as investment in research and technical development (R&D) to reduce the costs of services so as to compete with niche operators. Secondly, revamping on the current management issue must assess the possibility of working alongside its downstream partners to deliver triple-play solutions in voice, data and video services, expansion of data download quotas and continuous innovation in fixed line services, as opposed to mobile services, to offer incentives to its clients. Similarly on the question of whether Telstra is handling the identified management issue appropriately is manifold but the assessment will review two issues that offer succinct answers to the question. First, proper management of a company circles around how best a company maximizes a profit and expands networks (ResearchMoz, 2013). Through the management issue, Telstra has leveraged the risks of economic downturns by diversifying its income channels. The growing domestic market and the boost in 4G technologies enable further market penetration and help to reduce the pressure of external factors. 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